Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Multinational Corporation Finance Essay

Points of interest And Disadvantages Of A Multinational Corporation Finance Essay The substances which are working in more than one nation are called Multinational Corporations. The ordinary Multinational Corporation capacities with a headquarter in one nation while different offices are situated in different nations. Worldwide Corporation is likewise alluded to transnational organization. The model of the Multinational Corporation may fluctuate however its least complex structure is one that is headquarter in one nation and its working units in different nations. Its primary explanation is that organizations exploit diminishing expense for the creation of products and furthermore for the administrations. Its another structure is that every principle work are acted in the cause nation of parent organization and auxiliaries are less capacity autonomously. The beginning of such sort of business is followed is extremely old close about seventeenth century however in the 21st century. Global Corporation likewise comes in presence because of merger of various organizations in various nations. Points of interest of Multinational Corporation: There are a wide range of reasons why an organization rehearses as a Multinational Corporation. These reasons are given beneath: Worldwide organizations can maintain a strategic distance from or decrease their transportation cost. Economies of scale additionally can be accomplished. Global organizations have less possibility of liquidation than little or non-worldwide organizations. Innovative work process is likewise more practically speaking. Compensation level in various nations is extraordinary, which is a significant favorable position. Because of globalization, various markets are accessible. Cash Fluctuations: Cash variance is alluded to the progressions of a relative incentive in one money when contrasted with other nation. The procedure of money variance is happening each day which acquires changes pace of trade of various monetary standards of various nations. It is the money vacillation which pulls in is financial specialists to put resources into various monetary forms for picking up the benefit. There are upward or descending development in the monetary standards that alludes to acknowledge or deteriorate of monetary forms. In the event that a financial specialist puts resources into a money on the off chance that that cash deteriorates in understanding to speculators own money, at that point there is a benefit while on the off chance that that cash acknowledges in agreement of the speculators own money, at that point there is a misfortune. Policy centered issues may cause the cash change. In the event that there are policy centered issues of cash vacillation there will be transient effect additionally it might be long haul. What is FOREX (Foreign Exchange)? Remote trade is exchanging of one kind of cash for another. Outside trade has no physical area and no focal trade like other money related markets. It works through a worldwide system of banks, organizations and people exchanging one money for another. The remote trade advertise is the universes biggest money related market which works 24 hours in a day which exchanges an enormous measure of monetary forms of various nations. Dislike some other money related market, financial specialists can counter to cash vacillations brought about by monetary, political and get-togethers when they happen, without trusting that trades will open. The cash markets are not new that they have been around for whatever length of time that banks have been set up for the managing and exchanges of cash. What is generally new is the receptiveness of these business sectors to the individual financial specialist, fundamentally the little to medium-sized merchant. A Short History of the Foreign Exchange Trading Market: Remote trade advertises primarily settled to make simple cross fringe exchange which there is contribution of various monetary standards by governments, organizations and individual financial specialists. All the more ever these business sectors by and large existed to gracefully for the global development of capital and cash, even the underlying markets had theorists. Today, an extraordinary piece of Foreign Exchange showcase working is being controlled by presumption, exchange and expert managing, in which monetary standards are exchanged like some other product. The Retail Investors just methods for picking up contact to the outside trade advertise was through banks that executed in a tremendous measure of monetary standards for business and hypothesis purposes. After trade rates were permitted to skim unreservedly in 1971, the volume of exchange has been expanded over the time. The vast majority of the universes significant monetary forms were pegged to the US dollar because of a n understanding that is known as the Britton Woods Agreement. The taking an interest nations attempt to keep up the estimation of their monetary standards against US Dollar likewise with the pace of the gold. These nations are limited to depreciate their monetary standards to pick up advantage. Sorts of business sectors and exchanges: There are two sorts of business sectors or exchange which are extremely normal. Spot advertise/spot exchange Forward market/forward exchanges In spot exchanges, purchasing and selling certain measure of remote cash depend on current market rate and repayment are made and paid for without more ado. Then again, Forward exchanges, are bargains orchestrated future settlement, to be paid for on chose dates on or after conveyance. Qualities of Foreign Exchange Market: There are a few qualities of Foreign Exchange Markets, for example, Volume of exchanging is tremendous. By the utilization of advances like web the outside trade exchanging focuses are connected together to get refreshed data and for the exchanging. Because of the coordination of exchanging focuses there is no noteworthy exchange. Elements of Foreign Exchange Markets: What sort of elements of Foreign Exchange Market performs are give underneath: Move of buying power. Financing of stock in travel. Supporting. Change of monetary standards. Decreasing of outside trade dangers. Members of the Foreign Exchange Market: There are the members of the Foreign Exchange Markets those takes an interest in managing and exchanges. Banks Foreign Exchange Dealers. People Firms. Examiners Arbitrageurs. National Banks Treasuries. Outside Exchange Brokers. Outside Exchange Transactions Advantages: The upsides of the outside trade exchanges are, for example, Commission Free Transaction Direct Transactions Nonstop Market Influence (colossal speculation alludes to immense benefit) Exceptionally Liquid Free online data Outside Exchange Transactions Disadvantages: There are a few drawbacks of outside trade exchanges, for example, Influence (colossal speculation alludes to extraordinary misfortune) Representatives (unpracticed, unfaithful) Spreads (representative by and large statement a fixed spread) Job of Foreign Exchange Markets in the Global Market Place: Conversion scale Outside money designated monetary instrument Conversion scale is alluded to that how much units of one money are required to buy the one unit of other cash and remote trade named monetary instrument is alluded to security, stock or a bank store whose worth is designated in the cash of another nation. At the point when you complete business in an outside nation, you should trade monetary standards required at some current swapping scale. The cost of one countrys money as far as another nation is known as the conversion standard. At the point when the money of one nation drops in an incentive there will be a proportional valuation for esteem in another countrys cash. Deterioration (depreciate of money) happens when it takes more cash to buy the money of another nation. Gratefulness (increment in estimation of money) is the exact inverse; the cash can buy more units of the different countrys cash. Since most monetary forms are regarded by the market, for the most part there are consistent changes to trade rates. Outside Exchange Risks: Outside trade chance is typically characterized as Multinational Corporation faces changeability in their cash estimations of benefits, liabilities and working salary because of the surprising money vacillation. That changeability can be lessen or take out incompletely or completely. Order of Exposures: There we can arrange the Foreign Exchange Exposures in three kinds, for example, Exchange exposures Interpretation exposures Financial exposures Every one of these exposures severally influence the result of the business. How these exposures influence a business now we see independently every one of these exposures. Exchange Exposure: Exchange chance happen when any organization makes exchange, acquires, loan and sell the fixed resources of its auxiliaries organization; every one of these tasks takes parcel of time so during when times desire the installment then there is genuine difference in swapping scale so it alludes to the Transaction Exposure. Let see a model, a Pakistani merchant make an arrangement for the a ware with United States providers after the conveyance when opportunity arrives for installment on the off chance that the shipper pays in neighborhood cash (PKR) at that point the United States supplies is in danger, on the off chance that the installment is in remote money (USD) at that point the shipper is in danger. Typically for this situation exporter is in danger of conversion standard hazard since provider provides the cost estimate in purchasers cash. Interpretation Exposure: Interpretation hazard need to confront when a parent organization offering its budgetary expressions in its nearby money. Since while combining the profit, liabilities and resources of the auxiliaries organization to the nearby money then the swapping scale has changed, because of this conversion scale change the estimation of that benefit when obtained has changed same to risk and income. Fiscal summaries need to make in a solitary neighborhood cash for the partners. Auxiliaries organizations esteem (resources, liabilities, income) is appeared in budget reports in nearby monetary standards at current conversion scale. Interpretation presentation relies on the interpretation technique. There are two regular techniques are utilized for the interpretation, for example, Current/non-current technique Money related/non-fiscal technique In current/non-current technique current resources and liabilities are interpreted at c

The bond rating of Tesla-Free-Samples for Studetns-Myassignment

Questions: 1.What do you consider Teslas bond rating? 2.Would your answer change if the firm raised an extra $1 billion in bonds to meet creation goals? 3.What is the normal PD (Probability of Default) for Tesla for the following five years? Answers: 1.Depicting about Teslas bond rating: The bond rating of Tesla has not changed after the issue of bonds for $1.8 billion, which demonstrates the applicable subjected obligation to progressively senior obligation. This legitimately demonstrates the organization will depict low need to the security in examination with different securities. Henceforth, the bond obligation of $1.8 billion that is taken by the organization is essentially viewed as a subordinate obligation in examination with other obligation aggregated by Tesla. Chen et al. (2014) referenced that the distinguishing proof of bond need is fundamentally basic for speculator, as it helps in understanding the hazard level of their venture. In this manner, the general bond rating gave by SP and Moodys is primarily same as the organizations by and large appraising, which ought not be a similar case. The general bond rating ought to be diminished, as the obligation is principally considered as subjected obligation to increasingly senior obligation. This general assessment legitimately demonstrates that Tesla during troublesome time will center its need in senior obligation and diminish respectability level of subjected obligation. This could inevitably build the general danger of the speculation for speculators and lessen their arrival age limit. In this manner, the rating that is given by both SP and Moodys for Tesla is moderately higher in nature. Thus, bond rating could be diminished from B-in SP and B3 proportion in Moodys rating to Caa1 in Moodys and CCC+ in SP, as significant hazard is related with the bond venture. Bonsall (2014) referenced that utilization of sufficient bond rating legitimately permits the financial specialists to comprehend the general hazard level of the speculations, which they are leading. 2.Whether the appropriate response will change if the firm raised an extra $1 billion in bonds to meet creation targets: Truly, from the assessment of bond rating it could be recognized that on the off chance that Tesla builds the bond esteem, at that point the rating of the bond should be declined further. Right off the bat, the security gave by Tesla is fundamentally a subordinate obligation, which has minimal need for the organization, if budgetary situation of the organization disintegrates. The significant decrease in monetary situation of the association could straightforwardly influence returns gave from bond gave by Tesla. Likewise, decrease in monetary execution of the organization could straightforwardly influence its capacity to pay securities, as the security is in the high hazard yield segment (Sinclair 2014). Along these lines, the association could in the long run permit the speculators to identify money related steadiness, which may recognize the security return gave from venture. Thus, the general FICO score of the association is moderately declining in nature if extra $1 billion is ad ded to the security obligation of Tesla. In this manner, bond rating is as of now saw at B-in SP and B3 proportion in Moodys rating, which could legitimately change to Caa1 in Moodys and CCC+ in SP as the bond speculation is profoundly dangerous. Then again, if the general addition under water of bond could in the long run raise the degree of FICO assessment to Caa2 in Moody and CCC proportion in SP, which delineates the expanded hazard level related with speculation. The further decrease in bond rating is for the most part because of outrageous theoretical nature of the obligation, as the organization is gathering higher measure of obligation, which could legitimately influence its money related security. 3. Computing the normal PD (Probability of Default) for Tesla for the following five years: Points of interest Worth Treasury (I) 2.05% Corporate (k) 5.30% Likelihood of reimbursement 96.91% Likelihood of default 3.09% From the general assessment of the above table important likelihood of default for Tesla could be recognized. Also, the applicable likelihood of default is moderately lower, which straightforwardly shows that the organization will in the long run give the necessary installments to its investors. There if just 3.09% possibility for Tesla to default its bond installments as indicated by the figuring of likelihood default. This could in the end permit the financial specialist to check into their venture extension and hazard. Leow and Jonathan (2016) referenced that with the assistance of applicable venture computations and rating investors can distinguish the money related strength of the association to take care of their obligation. Thus, from the general assessment it could be comprehended that Tesla will enough compensation its obligation brought about from bond inside the 8 years of activities. References Bonsall, Samuel B. The effect of backer compensation on corporate security rating properties: Evidence from Moody? s and SP? s starting adoptions.Journal of Accounting and Economics57, no. 2 (2014): 89-109. Chen, Zhihua, Aziz A. Lookman, Norman Schrhoff, and Duane J. Seppi. Rating-based speculation practices and security advertise segmentation.The Review of Asset Pricing Studies4, no. 2 (2014): 162-205. Leow, Mindy, and Jonathan Crook. The security of endurance model parameter gauges for foreseeing the likelihood of default: Empirical proof over the credit crisis.European Journal of Operational Research249, no. 2 (2016): 457-464. Sinclair, Timothy J.The new bosses of capital: American bond rating organizations and the legislative issues of reliability. Cornell University Press, 2014. US Rates and Bonds. 2017.Bloomberg.Com. Gotten to November 20 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/rates-securities/government-securities/us.

Environmental Risk ..(( Tsunami)) Example

Environmental Risk ..(( Tsunami)) Example Environmental Risk ..(( Tsunami)) â€" Assignment Example > IntroductionTsunamis are series of waves that occur in large masses of water like the ocean and are characterised by a displacement of a substantial amount of the water (J. Fradin and D. Fradin, 2008 p. 1; Harvey 1971). This paper examines tsunamis as an environmental risk, and provides a logic tree of causes and effects of a tsunami. It also identifies the scientific approach for quantifying the pathways risks and weaknesses of these approaches, assesses the feasibility of controlling these risks, compares the likelihood and magnitude of these risks with that of other environment risks, and evaluates people’s perceptions on these risks. An environmental riskA tsunami is an environmental risk. This is because it can cause death to both human beings and other living things as well as destroy properties and infrastructure (Harvey 1971; Kajikawa 2009, p. 5). This destruction can further result in release and exposure of toxic substances that are harmful to the environment. Tsunamis also cause disturbances and imbalance of ecosystems (Dudley Lee 1998, p. 11), and destroy landscapes. The effects of a tsunami are also experienced in terms of indirect loss caused by it (Kajikawa 2009, p. 10). The structure of pathways between potential causes and consequences of a tsunamiFigure 1. a logic tree diagram for a tsunami representing the structure of pathways between potential sources of harm and possible consequencesScientific approaches for quantifying a selected sample of pathways on the logicFigure 2. a selected sample of pathways ( links) on the tsunami logic treeThe rectangles represents the nodes, while the arrows indicate the links. The following scientific approaches can be used to quantify the particular pathways: In A, geological seismography would be ideal in quantifying the seismic activities or earthquakes. This entaild the use of seismographic detection to identify the location and intensity of seismic waves, and using geological knowledge to interpret the significance of the waves. In B, geological subsurface mapping and geological survey methods would be useful in quantifying risks associated with large water bodies. This would include use of field-based geophysical methods such as seismic surveys, electrical-resistivity tomography, and ground-penetrating radar. In C, both laboratory and field experiments on geophysical fluid dynamics would be useful in quantification of the risks linked to water displacement of large water bodies. In D and E, marine physics or physical oceanography method would be ideal in quantification of risks associated with both negative and actual wave travel to the coastline. F could be assessed through marine engineering, while G could be quantified through damage assessment case studies. Damage assessment includes estimation of destroyed properties and infrastructure. In H, containment engineering methods could be applied in quantification of the spread toxic waste resulting from a tsunami. In I, tox icology would be useful in risks quantification of this pathway. In J and K, statistics of disaster-based accident would be useful in their quantification. Weaknesses in available scientific knowledge for quantifying the selected pathwaysThe use of geology and seismography knowledge in quantification of earthquakes has some weaknesses. Even though it is possible to detect seismic waves of importance, it is not easy to accurately link these waves to imminence of a tsunami. This is because much of geological information such as structural composition of the earth is derived from samples (Reddi Inyang 2000, p. 68), and prediction using this method provides generalized information. Therefore, this knowledge is only able to provide estimates. Similarly, use of samples in geological subsurface mapping and geological survey methods provide estimated data. The weaknesses in marine physics or physical oceanography, marine engineering, and accident statistics, also, rely on sample data and estimation. More to the weaknesses of these knowledge is use of assumptions in some instances.

Should Governments Further Fund Public Transportation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1774 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Government Essay Did you like this example? Today, it is commonly assumed that every person with a drivers license owns a personal vehicle. However, in the United States alone, public transportation is used 35 million times on a common weekday (Facts). In China, there are near 170 million privately owned vehicles (Chinas), compared to their population of over 1.3 billion. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should Governments Further Fund Public Transportation?" essay for you Create order The term public transportation can refer to a bus, train, subway, ferry, or other means, that commonly involve a fare (Public). It is used more often than many assume and can be considered vital in the lives of those without their own form of transport.   Public transportation can work wonders for the economy. It provides careers, both directly and indirectly, at approximately 1.1 million jobs per year in the United States (Transit). It provides careers in the form of bus drivers, technicians, and coordinators. Also, it provides transportation to the workplaces for those who do not have access to their own car. The downside of taking a bus rather than a car is that it may limit the work schedules of these people. This is due to the time tables of the transportation. Often, there is also debate in whether public transportation is entirely safe, due to the locations of the stations, or the character of those using the transit or conducting the transport. This is where the controversy arises.   The annual spending on public transportation in 2014 was $416 billion in the United States (Facts), and 2.5 billion British pounds in the UK (Public Sector), or near $3.5 billion. Although these figures are already considerable, it can be argued that the government should increase funding. This would increase the quality of public transportation. To address this topic, the benefits and draw-backs of public transportation must be analyzed to informatively decide on whether the figure that is spent on public transportation is too much or too little.  Ã‚   Today, the environment is a growing concern in ways such as global warming or pollution, but many may argue that there is little being done to prevent the deterioration of the Earth. 28% of greenhouse gas emissions come from transportation in Canada (Greenhouse), and 14% globally (Global). In increasing funding for public transportation, it will decrease the use of individual vehicles, thus limiting the use of gasoline and the emissions coming from the cars. On average, heavy rail transit, such as trams or trains produce almost 80% less gas emissions than single occupancy vehicles (Transit). If governments we re to increase the use of public transportation, air pollution could decrease at an exponential rate. An example of how transportation can affect the air is in China, where some of the worst traffic occurs, as a traffic jam once lasted ten days long. This is one direct cause of the air pollution in China, as it is home to sixteen of the dirtiest cities on the globe (Air).   Not only would the environment benefit from the increase in public transport funding, but the economy as well. According to the American Public Transport Association, a nonprofit organization that promotes public transportation, every $1 used for public transport funding results in $4 back into the economy (Facts). When individual vehicles are not being bought as often and less money is being spent on gas, more money can be used instead on substantial infrastructure for communities, such as roads, utilities, or education (Transit). The APTA is a credible source as it has represented public transportation for over one hundred years. The members of the organization all specialize in transportation, whether it be building it or conducting it.   Providing more funding for public transportation would increase the quality of the transit and reduce any negative connotation that may be associated with the thought of taking the bus or a train, as some may associate public transport with low er income areas. More people would be using it to commute to work, school, or home, and, subsequently, traffic congestion would be reduced. Minimizing traffic would lower the stress of those on the road as traffic is typically a high-tension situation, decrease the effect of cars on the environment, and lessen the amount spent on gasoline per person, which was $1,560 per year in 2017 in the United States (DiLallo).   The unemployment rate in the United Kingdom is 4.2% (How). With public transport more readily available, the unemployment rate could drop, which is typically desirable in many countries. If public transportation is further funded, the bus or train schedules would not have to be as restricted as they may be now, and public transit could further provide careers for hundreds of millions of people worldwide, whether it be a bus driver, a train conductor, or provide a shuttle to and from a workplace.   Despite common belief, public transportation frees up time for those using it. Rather than having to drive to and from work or school, someone else is driving for them, and therefore provides them excess time f or other activities, such as studying or reading, while on the go. Not only does it free up time, but it also is linked to a healthier lifestyle, as people typically walk to and from their homes to bus stops or train stations. As well as this, public transportation may be safer than individually driving, as transit operators must go through training to be able to control the vehicle in which people may be taking. In the United States, bus accidents only account for .01% of transport related crashes compared to nearly three-quarters of highway fatalities resulting from single-vehicles (Kille). Public transportation does a substantial amount of good and provides safe and effective means of travel.   In opposition to further funding public transportation, it could be argued that it would decrease the number of careers in a country. The number of traffic police, car manufacturers, and car salesmen could decrease as the need for individual cars would decrease. Many people worldwide would be out a job. With this, there is question to whether the increase in public transportation will help the economy or hurt it instead. Also, there is some question to if public transportation should become free, which could be detrimental to the economy if it were further funded. More money would be used to better the transportation, but there would be no direct economic returns.   The use of public transportation can increase the time that the average person must wait for commuting. The average time spent waiting on transportation in Great Britain is almost 43 minutes a month, where public transportation is more prevalent than it is in most countries (Britons). Although they would be using this time for other activities, it could be spent at work or home instead.   If public transportation were to be further funded, the money must come from somewhere. This funding would have to come from increasing taxes or pulling funding from another cause, such as education or health care. If the money were to be coming from taxes of the people, it could cause an uproar from the public as those who do not need to use public transport will be forced to pay for it. The taxes that would be increased would include sales tax, property taxes, or gas taxes according to Christopher MacKechnie. If the funding was pulled from other programs, it could also be a cause of conflict, as, again, the taxpayers money would be going towards public transportation rather than being spent on something that the entire population could make use of. MacKechnie was a bus driver for ten years while completing his college degree. He later worked in an authoritative position at a major public transportation company in Los Angeles, which therefore verifies his credibility in the matter.   Further funding public transportation could be argued as unnecessary by many people. Public transport is often seen as unsanitary and even dangerous. Further funding it may help with these problems, but they would not be entirely eliminated and the negative social stigma surrounding public transportation would most likely remain as funding could not alter opinions immediately, if ever. This means that, even if transportation were to be renovated, it is not guaranteed that it would have an increased use. The crimes committed on public transportation include, but are not limited to, theft, rape, or even homicide. When improving public transportation, it betters the infrastructure itself, but it cannot regulate criminals that may take the bus, therefore still limiting the amount of people using the transportation due to the fear that may be associated.   Commuting shorter distances through walking or cycling is much healthier than using public transportation. Typically, those that use private cars or public transportation tend to struggle with stress, exhaustion, and sleep quality over those who commute with physical exercise. (Pag e). If public transportation is not being used by those who are commuting shorter distance, that demonstrates that further funding the transport would be unnecessary to a great majority of people, and therefore make a very little positive impact on society.   After considering both sides of this issue, I feel that governments worldwide should increase their funding for public transportation. It is beneficial in many ways economically and environmentally through providing careers and reducing traffic congestion. The argument opposing further funding can be used in favor of both sides of the issue. Many of the points are theoretical, such as increase in funding may not increase use. Also, the negative views that are associated around public transportation are not widespread, therefor discarding this point. The careers that could be provided greatly outweigh those that would be taken away. The traffic police may slightly decline, but it will not be a dramatic change for the career, as private cars will still be popular; public transportation will just be more commonly used. After analyzing these points, it can be concluded that no dramatic negative changes would occur if public transportation would be further funded. The points presented in support of further funding are based on facts, such as the economic benefit in the fact ?every $1 used in funding results in $4 back into the economy. The environment is one thing that a great majority of people agree should be maintained and taken care of. Public transportation can play a role in the bettering of the environment, further encouraging the need for further funding and encouragement for public transport.   If I were to further my research, I would learn more about the extent that public transportation can decrease gas emissions. Clearly public transportation would decrease the emissions, but it would be interesting t o understand how far it would be beneficial and how. Also, it would be interesting to research the extent that traffic congestion would be reduce and what positive long-term effects that it would have

Toward Intentional Interviewing and Counseling - 1652 Words

Chapter 1 Toward Intentional Interviewing and Counseling INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS THE â€Å"CORRECT† RESPONSE TO OFFER A CLIENT? * There are many potentially useful responses in any interviewing situation. * Reflecting the client’s emotions can be helpful. * Selecting one aspect to focus on can be useful, and then later you can examine other dimensions by asking an open question. * Our tasks: * Respect the client * Use appropriate skills and strategies * Seek to alleviate stress INTERVIEWING, COUNSELING, AND PSYCHOTHERAPY * INTERVIEWING * The most basic process used for information gathering, problem solving, and psychosocial information giving. * Short term – only one or two sessions * Example:†¦show more content†¦* Development and growth are the aim of all that we do; change * Search for strengths and resources that will empower the client. * Relationship Story amp; strengths Goals Restory Action * As you listen to stories, simultaneously search for more complex, unsaid stories that may lie behind the initial narrative. BOX 1-1 (page 18) * The word â€Å"problem† implies difficulty and the necessity of eliminating or solving the problem. Problem may imply deficit. Not all problems can be solved. * Considering client issues as â€Å"problems† can get in the way of a positive relationship. The words â€Å"concern† or â€Å"issue† suggest something we all experience constantly. These words also suggest that we can deal with it (positive standpoint). * Terming a â€Å"problem† a challenge is a call to our strengths and an opening for change. * Help clients define their goals clearly and the positive assets they already have to resolve their issues. Then you can help them restory with a can do self-image. RELATIONSHIP STORY amp; STRENGTHS GOALS RESTORY ACTION * Narrative theory emphasizes storytelling and the generation of new meanings. * The concepts of narration, storytelling, and conversation are useful frameworks as we examine skills, strategy, and theory in interviewing, coaching, counseling, andShow MoreRelatedInterview Methods1551 Words   |  6 Pagesregarding his job switching. I requested him to take out some time from his busy schedule; surprisingly he happily agreed along with giving the permission to record the interview. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss in detail how I used the Interviewing methods in the interview session and how was my experience of conducting this first interview of my life. Attending Behavior Attending behavior is very important for conducting an effective interview. 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These behaviors are easy to remember with the help of the acronym SOLER. S Face the client Squarely O Adopt an Open posture L Lean toward the other person E Maintain good Eye contact R Try to be relatively Relaxed (p. 134-135) Attending behavior. The professional can also prove they are engaged in responsive listening through attending behavior. Attending behavior is implementedRead MoreGroup Counseling Reflection Paper4779 Words   |  20 PagesGraduate Studies in Counseling Reflection CPY 540 Paladino: Advanced Theory and Practice of Group Counseling As I reflect upon my experience as a group leader in this class, I learned that therapeutic factors can be group driven or facilitated by the group leader. Cohesion stood as a vital aspect of an effective group, and I realized that as a group leader I needed not only to facilitate the group but to remain as a vital part of the group to assure cohesion. By subsisting as an effective group

Alternative Beverages Free Essays

Alternative beverages competed on the basis of differentiation from traditional drinks such as carbonated soft drinks or fruit juices. The market started out with low competition, however that is rapidly changing as many new product lines enter and profit margins will inevitably suffer from the price reduction. The rest of the beverage industry is faced with low profit margins because of high competition and little ability to differentiate products. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Beverages or any similar topic only for you Order Now The alternative beverage segment help companies to sustain volume growth in mature markets where consumers were reducing their consumption of carbonated soft drinks. Also the alternative beverage industry offered products that catered to different demographics. For example energy drinks were purchased more by teens and young adults while energy shots were bought by adults to get extra boosts of energy during the work day. In addition the vitamin-enhanced drinks and sports drinks went more toward athletes and people who exercised often. This differs from just the usual carbonated soft drinks that people were used to drinking. Now they had products that they could consume for different activities. Demand is expected to grow worldwide as consumer purchasing power is increased and alternative beverages offered profit margins much higher than those of other beverages. One key characteristic in the beverage market was introduction of the energy shots and they were an important growth factor in the industry; the 5 hour energy shot was introduced in 2004 and took the market by storm with its high containments of B6, B12 and caffeine. Competitor’s course introduced energy shots to the market but none have come close to the 5 hour energy shot, with it holding 85% of the market share in 2009. How to cite Alternative Beverages, Essay examples

Alternative Beverages Free Essays

Alternative beverages competed on the basis of differentiation from traditional drinks such as carbonated soft drinks or fruit juices. The market started out with low competition, however that is rapidly changing as many new product lines enter and profit margins will inevitably suffer from the price reduction. The rest of the beverage industry is faced with low profit margins because of high competition and little ability to differentiate products. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Beverages or any similar topic only for you Order Now The alternative beverage segment help companies to sustain volume growth in mature markets where consumers were reducing their consumption of carbonated soft drinks. Also the alternative beverage industry offered products that catered to different demographics. For example energy drinks were purchased more by teens and young adults while energy shots were bought by adults to get extra boosts of energy during the work day. In addition the vitamin-enhanced drinks and sports drinks went more toward athletes and people who exercised often. This differs from just the usual carbonated soft drinks that people were used to drinking. Now they had products that they could consume for different activities. Demand is expected to grow worldwide as consumer purchasing power is increased and alternative beverages offered profit margins much higher than those of other beverages. One key characteristic in the beverage market was introduction of the energy shots and they were an important growth factor in the industry; the 5 hour energy shot was introduced in 2004 and took the market by storm with its high containments of B6, B12 and caffeine. Competitor’s course introduced energy shots to the market but none have come close to the 5 hour energy shot, with it holding 85% of the market share in 2009. How to cite Alternative Beverages, Essay examples

William Bratton free essay sample

He has also served as the police commissioner for the cities of New York and Boston. Bratton has served in some very large roles and has left a very large influence over the criminal justice field. Bratton is known for the Broken Windows Theory as well as developing CompStat in New York City. In this paper we will learn more about Bratton and how he got to where he is today. Born in Boston, Chief Bratton went to Boston Technical High School. He served in the Military Police Corps of the United States Army during the Vietnam War, returning to Boston in 1970 to start a police career in the Boston Police Department. He quickly rose up the ranks and in 1980 was named the youngest-ever Executive Superintendent of the Boston Police. From 1983 and 1986 Bratton was Chief of Police for the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority then from 1986 to 1990 he was the Superintendent of Bostons Metropolitan District Commission Police. We will write a custom essay sample on William Bratton or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1990, he was became Chief of Police of the New York City Transit Police. Bratton was Superintendent in Chief of the Boston Police Department from 1991 until 1993. He then became Boston’s 34th Police Commissioner. He holds the Departments highest award for valor. In 1994, Chief Bratton was appointed the 38th Commissioner of the NYPD by Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani. He cooperated with Giuliani in putting the broken windows theory into practice and introducing the CompStat system. Bratton resigned in 1996, while under investigation by the Corporation Counsel for the propriety of a book deal that he signed while in office as well as accepting multiple unauthorized trips from corporations and individuals. But the real problem was conflicts with Giuliani, because Giuliani was mad the Chief Bratton was receiving all of the credit. Bratton worked as a private consultant with Kroll Associates, until he was appointed by Mayor of Los Angeles James Hahn as the LAPDs 54th Chief of Police in October 2002. Under Bratton crime dropped for 6 consecutive years. On June 19, 2007, the LA Police Commission reappointed William Bratton to a second five-year term, the first reappointment of an LAPD chief in almost twenty years. In March 2009, an amendment was proposed to the City Charter, allowing Bratton to serve a third consecutive term as Police Chief. On August 5, 2009, Bratton announced that after nearly seven years he would be stepping down as chief of police for the City of Los Angeles, and he continued to serve as chief until October 31, 2009. Bratton moved back to New York City to take a position with a private international security firm called Altegrity, serving as a Chairman of a new division where he will consult on security for police departments worldwide.

How To Use Sin in Spanish

How To Use 'Sin' in Spanish The Spanish preposition sin generally means without and thus can be thought of as the opposite of con (with). For English speakers, its use is generally straightforward, the main difference being that it usually is not followed by an indefinite article (un or una, meaning a). Here are some examples of its use: Para el paciente sin esperanza, no existe futuro. (For the patient without hope, a future does not exist.)Nunca conduzco sin gafas. (I never drive without glasses.)Daniela no podr ir a la escuela sin computadora. (Daniela will not be able to go to the school without a computer.)Cuando la gente vive sin felicidad, no temern a la muerte. (When people live without happiness, they will not fear death.)Hay muchos hogares sin telà ©fono. (There are many homes without a telephone.) Sometimes phrases using sin are better translated using the English suffix -less or -free: Las parejas sin hijos sufren muchas crà ­ticas. (Childless couples receive much criticism.)Los diamantes sin defectos son extremadamente raros. (Flawless diamonds are very unusual.) ¿Son los refrescos sin azà ºcar la solucià ³n al problema? (Are sugar-free drinks the solution to the problem?) Fast Facts Sin is usually the equivalent of without in English.When sin is followed by a noun object, it is seldom necessary to place an un or una before the noun, although one is sometimes used for emphasis.Sin is frequently used in phrases, most of whose meanings can be determined by translating the other words in the phrase. When to Use an Indefinite Article With Sin If the indefinite article is used after sin, it often is done for emphasis. Also, if the object (the noun after sin) is followed by an adjective or a clause, the indefinite article is often used: Yo estaba en Mà ©xico sin un centavo. (I was in Mexico without a single cent.)Se fue sin un adià ³s. (He left without even saying goodbye.)No hay democracia sin un orden social liberal. (There is no democracy without a liberal social order.)La clonacià ³n de un dinosaurio serà ­a imposible sin un à ³vulo de dinosaurio intacto. (The cloning of a dinosaur would be impossible without an intact dinosaur egg.) Following Sin With Infinitives When sin is followed by a verb, nearly always the infinitive form is used. Note how these sentences are translated to Spanish. In particular, the final two examples use sin in a way that without is not used in English: Tengo que aprender a vivir sin fumar. (I need to learn to live without smoking.)Aprender sin pensar es inà ºtil. (Learning without thinking is useless.)Sin leer es imposible escribir bien. (Without reading it is impossible to write well.)Hay muchas lecciones sin aprender. (There are many unlearned lessons.)La lata sin abrir puede durar hasta 12 meses. (An unopened can can last for 12 months.) Phrases Using Sin Dozens of phrases use sin. Heres a sampling: asociacià ³n civil sin fines de lucro, organizacià ³n sin fines de lucro - nonprofit organization aun sin : Cuando uno es inteligente, aun sin estudiar puede pasar con 100. (Someone intelligent can pass with a 100 even without studying.) ausente sin aviso - absent without permission barril sin fondo, pozo sin fondo - bottomless pit (usually used figuratively) callejà ³n sin salida - dead-end street (can be used figuratively) dejar sin efecto - to invalidate, to render useless estar sin blanca, estar sin un cobre - to be penniless or broke sin motivo - for no good reason, for no known reason misterio sin resolver - unsolved mystery quedarse sin nada : La atleta puso todo pero se quedà ³Ã‚  sin nada. (The athlete gave it her all but ended up with nothing.) quedarse sin palabras - to be at a loss for words repetir sin parar - to say over and over again sin asombro - surprisingly sin cesar - without stopping, continuously sin compromiso - without any obligation sin contar con - to ignore possible consequences, to not take into account sin coste - free, without charge sin defensa - defenseless sin direccià ³n, sin rumbo - aimless, without goals sin duda - without a doubt, undoubtedly sin ganas - enenthusiastically, unwillingly sin hacer - undone sin otro particular - without further ado sin par - unique, without an equal sin pensar - without thinking sin razà ³n - with no reason sin tardar - immediately, without delay sin ton ni son - without rhyme or reason viaje sin retorno - one-way trip vivir sin : No puedo vivir con ti. (I cant live without you.)

The Journey To Become Pope Francis

The Journey To Become Pope Francis Pope Francis is noted for his humility,  dedication to the poor, and commitment to inter-faith dialogue.   He is revered as one of the most popular spiritual leaders of today.   While a resume is likely not part of the papal election process,we researched his career path and composed a resume to illustrate  Pope Francis’ journey to becoming the Pontiff.   Jorge Mario BergoglioSan Roberto Bellarmino. Rome ItalyTheological EducationSalesian School                                                                                                                                                                                                   1980Mentorship under Ukranian Greek Priest Stefan CzmilAwoke hours before class to serve Mass for CzmilCollege Maximo de San Jose                                                                                                                                                            Ã‚  Ã‚  1960  Licentiate in PhilosophyInmaculada Concepcion Seminary                                                                                                                                             Ã‚  1958Studied HumanitiesSecular EducationEscuela Tecnica Industrial No. 27 Hipolito Yrigoyen                                                                                               Ã‚  1954Chemical Technician’s Diploma  Employment AccomplishmentsSan Roberto Bellarmino –  Cardinal-Priest      Ã‚                                                                                                                    Ã‚  2001Awarded cardinal by Pope John Paul IIAppointed to five administrative positions within the Roman CuriaParticipated in 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVIBuenos Aires, Agentina – Auxiliary Bishop                                                                                                                         1992Ordained as Tituar Bishop of Acua serving as principal consecratorCelebrated Holy Thursday washing feet in jails, hospitals, retirement homes and slumsSociety of Jesus of Agentina – Provincial Superior   Ã‚                                                                                                  1973Supervised institutes within province and presided over  deliberationsEnsured orders of the General Chapter and S uperior General were properly carried outFacultades de Filosofia y Teologia de San Miguel                                                                                                        Ã‚  1969Ordained to priesthoodServed as master of novices for province and taught as professor of theologyColegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion – High School teacher                                                                          1960Taught psychology and literatureFostered growth and development of teenagers through lectures and discussionBuenos Aires Nightclub – Bouncer                                                                                                                                              1956Checked IDs and monitored front of house for trou ble makersSwept floors, maintained cleanliness and janitorial dutiesHickethier-Bachmann Laborary   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   Lab Technician                                                                                                Ã‚  1952Ran tests in food section of chemical laboratoryAnalyzed and reported test results

Philosophy quizes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Philosophy quizes - Assignment Example The need for self-realization is the reason behind birth, thus the need for a chariot, which is the earthly body. Once one's desires are fulfilled and begins to love nothing else but the â€Å"Self†, one reaches the state of Nirvana, making rebirth unnecessary. 3. In â€Å"Questions of King Milinda,† monk Nagasena discusses the state of non-self --- that there is no inherent and permanent essence to the self --- which is in contrast with the Katha Upanishad belief that there is a â€Å"self.† Thus, there is no essence of a chariot. Nagasena compares the chariot to humans, and follows it with a discussion on how the chariot consists of several parts, each one important on the supposed essence of the chariot. However, since each part is without permanence, each ever-changing, the essence therefore does not exist. 4. Void must be added to the concept of movement. According to Lucretius, the composition of things are not kept close together. There is some void within things that allows movement. He argues that without empty space or vacuum, movement would not be possible. If there is no empty space, every movement would disturb the other things occupying the universe. 5. Descartes argues that there is a mind-body dualism, making it possible for the mind to exist without the body, and the body to exist without the mind. ... And since substance, as Hylas presents it, depends on sensible qualities of things as well, it would have the same absurd layers of substratum underneath it up to infinity. Hylas concludes that he is already confused too as to what conceiving material substance means. 7. The problem Philonous presents about things existing without anyone perceiving them is that if things are to be perceived for them to exist, then the trees in the Quad would not exist at hours when no one perceives them. 8. Ideas are there due to impressions, and Hume states that there is no â€Å"self† because one cannot find a solid impression of the â€Å"self.† He answers to objections thrown at him by stating the limits of human knowledge. He states that his philosophy is intended to discover things that are presented to the senses. Furthermore, he states that no good would come out from excessive skepticism. SS.R 13-15 9. Ryle states that Descartes face some motives that do not go along well toget her. First, Descartes, along with other philosophers, states that mental words are different from physical ones, and that they do not refer to physical processes, but rather of non-physical ones. However, Ryle argues that in describing the mental, Descartes still uses words that talk about the physical, which Ryle states is an incorrect usage of grammar mechanics. Ryle maintains that in talking about the mental, words such as â€Å"effect,† â€Å"process,† â€Å"thing,† â€Å"change,† â€Å"stuff,† etc. should not be utilized since they pertain to physical things. In reading Descartes, one could see that he arrives at the mind by presenting how it is not like the

Learning Skills for Personal & Professional Development Essay

Learning Skills for Personal & Professional Development - Essay Example The main skills that I have figured out, which I have managed to acquire through my beginning of this nursing career have been: Time management- this is because I was initially poor at managing time and when it comes to planning for my assignments, something always came up which distracted me in the course and made me fail to meet the required deadlines. I realized that my research skills were highly affected since I could not research well and I was always up and down in the last minute rush to do my research and complete the necessary tasks (Ward, 2001, pp. 47-53) Internet skills for nurses. Nursing Standard 15 (21): 47-53. There are other areas that suffered seriously such as the quality of my work that I submitted after I rushed it up having poorly managed my time. This usually led to me getting poor grades. Managing time to ensure efficiency and effectiveness was my main problem; Correct use of referencing and in the process avoiding plagiarism is another learning skill that I h ave developed. This skill is well enhanced when I stick to my school’s chosen format for reference, which is Harvard style. I learned that in Harvard style, there are certain measures that should be taken once I have used someone’s work as part of my sources and thus whatever ideas that I have borrowed from any author to support my argument need to be well referenced in Harvard. This style requires that one indicates the name of the author, year of which the work was published, and then be able to note the exact page numbers that such ideas, arguments, or models have been extracted. I learned a lot about this referencing style including the format to cite various forms of sources such as documents from the websites, reports, interviews, and peer-reviewed articles, among others. With strict adherence to this Harvard style of referencing or citation, the issue of plagiarism is taken care of since I recognize somebody’s work or contribution to a given theory or mod e of thinking and avoid blatant theft of literary or intellectual property through rights violations, which is very criminal and should be shunned by all means; and finally, Numeracy skills for nursing- although I have not fully started the numeracy module for my nursing education, I am expecting to start soon as per the modules’ plan. However, I have started appreciating the importance of acquiring numerical skills in my nursing profession practice. I am therefore gearing up to tackle numeracy with full vigor once the module comes on the table. In the meantime, while I was at my place for the feeding program, I realized that it was important for James to be monitored in terms of right dosage and at what intervals. This made me appreciate the value that numerical skills would have on my nursing professional practice and personal development. This paper is written in the first person (Hamill, 1999, pp. 38-40) and will thus deal broadly with the above-identified skills that I a m in the process of refining. It will also reflect heavily on some modules such as NCFP 4004 which is the foundations for professional practice and NCFP 4005 called the problem based learning assessment. The reflective learning model that I have used is the Gibbs Reflective Cycle (Jasper, 2003, pp. 2-18), which will be well applied in the course of my discussion.

Black Holes :: essays research papers

The theory that black holes have existed is not new at all. The thought of them first started in 1783 when Rev. John Michell applied Newton’s theory of gravity to predict the possibility of so-called â€Å"dark stars.† Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity predicted in 1915 â€Å"Schwartzschild singularities.† In 1967, these were renamed â€Å"black holes.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A black hole is collapsed object (usually a star) that has become invisible and has such a powerful gravitational force that nothing, even light, can escape its surface. This is the reason that they are invisible. They are so powerful that one could easily crush an enormous amount of matter into an incredibly small space. For instance, if the earth were to be squeezed into a black hole, it would end up as the size of a marble.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A black hole forms when a super massive star has â€Å"used up† all of its nuclear fuel and then collapses under its own gravitational force. This happens because, as a star burns fuel, it creates an outward push, which counteracts the inward pull of gravity. Once the fuel is gone, the internal pressure of the star drops and it can no longer support its own weight. In a monstrous explosion, the outer layers are thrown off. And, at this same moment, the core collapses. This can happen rather quickly because gravity can crush an object 10,000 miles across to an object only 10 miles across in about one second.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the time that a black hole is created, the star shrinks down to an infinitely small and infinitely dense point know as the singularity. At this point, all we have ever known about the universe breaks down. Around the singularity there is an imaginary circle called the event horizon. This is the black hole’s gravitational boundary where not even light can escape. Once this boundary has been crossed, there is no return. You could never actually see an object fall into a black hole. As it approaches the event horizon, time would slow down to the point in which it would take an infinite amount of time to reach it. Meanwhile, the black hole’s gravitational pull on light would give the effect that the object is fading away. If that object were a person, these are the effects that he would feel: As he fell into the black hole, he would instantly be stretched out because

Ryanair: Its Vulnerability and Exposure to the Environment

Ryanair: Its vulnerability and exposure to the macroeconomic environment Business vulnerability is a measure of how susceptible an organization is to external events and the possible consequential impact on its business costs and profits. In this essay, I will assess the vulnerability of Ryanair and its degree of expose to macroeconomic shocks. I will also analyse Ryanair’s performance since 2000 in comparison to its rival BA, as well as their strategies in how effective they are in raising profits and minimizing their exposure.Ryanair is a low cost Irish airline and one of the most profitable in the airline industry. However, it can be seen as vulnerable and exposed to macroeconomic shocks. To a degree this is due to Ireland’s openness. Desmond Gillmor describes it as â€Å"one of the most open of economies,† and â€Å"because of this high degree of openness, the economy is strongly influenced by the external conditions prevailing in the international economic system. † (Gillmor 1985, p. 5) The airline industry in which Ryanair operates is fairly elastic as shown below. (Knight, B. 2006, p. 14)From the graph, one can see that if the GDP increases or decreases by 1 per cent, the demand for air travel will increase or decrease by 1. 7 per cent: air travel and Ryanair is fairly exposed. A firm’s average total cost curve (shown below) and the steepness of it can express the firm’s vulnerability. The steepness of the curve is mainly determined by the scale of fixed costs and as a result, those firms will experience more volatility in their financial performance. In addition, increasing returns to labour which is particularly found in professional services also impacts on the gradient.Furthermore, firms which are dependent on external inputs, for example, in construction, are vulnerable to shifts in the curve due to increases in the costs of their inputs. output saucer e. g. shoe shiner flute e. g. airlines ATC output saucer e. g. shoe shiner flute e. g. airlines ATC The ‘flute’ curve shown above reinforces the vulnerability of Ryanair due to its steepness. This can be explained by high fixed costs such as a large number of fleet and the heavy dependency on external inputs such as fuel.The graph below shows that since 2003 Ryanair has more than doubled their fleet to 163 aircraft. (Ryanair, 2008, p. 3) The latest Chairman’s Report released by Ryanair reports on the effect of fuel prices: â€Å"The high and rising price of fuel is of major concern to Ryanair and the entire aviation industry. Last year our hedging programme delivered fuel at an average cost of $65 per barrel. Today we are facing prices of approximately $130 a barrel. Ryanair has responded to these higher oil prices by reducing costs across all other areas. † (Ryanair, 2008, p. ) They are also exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, the extent to which they made a loss of over â‚ ¬5m due to changes in the American dollar and British Sterling exchange rates against the euro. This exposure can be minimized by hedging with financial derivatives. Even though Ryanair incur costs that they have little control over such as fuel, â€Å"there are others that will influence the costs per seat-km flown that they can influence. These include aircraft utilisation, aircraft turnround times, seat pitch, the use of fewer crew and cheaper secondary airports, along with direct selling and paperless ticketing. (Pitfield, D. E. 2007, p. 77) These factors all form a part of Ryanair’s strategy to penetrate the market further and reduce its vulnerability by exploiting market imperfections. â€Å"Ryanair has responded to these higher oil prices by reducing costs across all other areas. A company wide pay freeze was implemented and redundancies have been suffered at our Dublin call centre. Significant cost reductions have also been achieved on airport, maintenance, and handling contracts, an d we will benefit from the addition to our fleet of cheaper and more fuel efficient aircraft.We have also increased our charges for baggage and airport check-in as we continue to encourage passengers to avail of web check-in and travel with carry on luggage only. † (Ryanair, 2008, p. 4) They have even gone as far as planning to close down their check-in desks and the possibility of charging passengers to use the on-flight toilet facilities. Source: Ryanair Annual Reports Ryanair is one of the largest airlines in terms of passenger numbers (REF) and has continuously grown in size and value over time as shown above.The extent of such an expanding firm is conveyed over the last eight years as Ryanair’s profits have more than quadrupled. However, there have been drops in profits in 2004 and 2008. In 2004, the airline was hugely affected by the conflicts in Iraq, the renewed threat of terrorism and endless increasing oil prices. However, in this same period, Ryanair managed to launch new bases in Rome and Barcelona, launch 73 new routes, takeover their competitor Buzz for a knock-down price and carry more passengers than BA in the European market.The reason for the decrease in profits in 2008 was due to increases in fuel prices and significantly increased airport charges, particularly at their largest bases at Stansted and Dublin. British Airways, a competitor to Ryanair, has reviewed its short-haul operations and is planning to spend a portion of its marketing budget promoting shorter haul flights. However, they believe that services such as in-flight refreshments and business class seats are expected by their customers, and intend not to cut back on these services but focus on this differentiation and thereby create market imperfections.In the journal article titled â€Å"Easyjet and Ryanair flying high on the Southwest model†, Chris Avery, an analyst at JP Morgan, believes that the answer to the threats from low cost airlines by BA has been p erfect. They acknowledged that they were no longer the public’s favored provider and have taken measures to, not only, protect their primary market, but also to learn from their rivals. With BA’s key financial figures reported in British pounds and Ryanair’s in Euros in their respective annual reports, there is difficulty in comparing them. Nevertheless, I will look at other key statistics. (Ryanair, 2008, p. ) Looking at the figures above, one can see that Ryanair charges passengers considerably lower, including no fuel surcharge. This is one for Ryanair’s USP and such low costs form a barrier for new entrants. (Ryanair, 2008, p. 7) With regards to consumer satisfaction, Ryanair’s service is greater than that provided by BA. Source: Mintel From above, one can see that Ryanair have the second largest number of active aircraft behind BA. Nevertheless, if the average age of the fleet is taken into account, Ryanair has one of the largest young fleet. However, one can’t disregard the different sizes of the two firms.Since British Airways is a larger firm compared to Ryanair and offers different services, as well as owning a larger fleet of aircrafts, it may be more greatly exposed to the external environment. To be able to manage these uncontrollable external shocks, Ryanair needs to reduce its vulnerability and exposure to the market. To do this, its total cost curve needs to become gentler (and like a ‘saucer’ as shown on page 2). This can be explained by reducing the airline’s fixed costs and that a downturn in demand will cause profits to fall but not as much as previously.Also, with the average fare being â‚ ¬22 cheaper than its local rival Easyjet (see page 5), Ryanair could raise their price and still retain their customers. Ryanair operates in an oligopoly: Q Price Q Price Above the kink, the demand is relatively elastic as all other firm’s prices remain unchanged. However, below the k ink, demand is relatively inelastic because all the competitors will introduce a similar price cut which would eventually lead to a price war. Consequently, the optimal output is that at the kink. Ryanair have decided to offer â€Å"all passengers on all routes their lowest fare guarantee.On those very rare occasions when passengers find a lower promotional fare on a competitor airline for a similar itinerary then we will happily refund them double the difference. † (Ryanair, 2008, p. 6) This ensures customers, especially in a downturn were consumers are looking for the cheapest prices. Consequently, if Ryanair want to achieve supernormal profits, they need to erect barriers to entry and make the airline industry non-contestable. Such barriers can be placed by enhancing Ryanair’s current supply chain.For example â€Å"by solely operating Boeing 737 jets Ryanair can keep training, maintenance and operating costs in check. In January 2003 a massive order for 100 of the latest 737-800 variants worth $6 billion was announced in response to the airline’s escalating success. † (Anon. 2004, p. 5-6) This is unlike its competitors who have more than one type of aircraft. Also, they could try and offshore the administrative side of the organisation to reduce their costs, as well as invest less in advertisement and try to offer more services to compete against BA’s new proposed plan and to differentiate themselves further.Such differentiating ideas include launching a new all-frills airline for flights to USA. Furthermore, since Ryanair has received previous criticism, they could strengthen the barriers by investing in the brand. Their competitors are forced to incur the same costs to build their brands to contest the industry, as well as new entrants. This reduces market contestability and enhances profits. If they fail, this sunk cost can’t be recouped. London to Genoa (GOA), Hamburg (HAM), Pisa (PSA), Stockholm, and Venice. (P itfield, D. E. 2007, p. 78)The table above shows the market share achieved by Ryanair in 2003, in the first month and year of operation. â€Å"There seems to be a difference between the Italian destinations and the other two. However, the Venice route also looks closer in character to the other northern European destinations in that although the initial market penetration is good, it does not grow as rapidly as GOA or PSA. This is almost certainly because of the competition offered by easyJet from STN to VCE. It seems that where competition is less and a dominant market role is achieved, large market shares can be achieved.The resulting market share is less if there is more competition. † (Pitfield, D. E. 2007, p. 79) Consequently, to mediate this threat against opposition, Ryanair could analyse their current routes and maybe switch from more competitive routes to those that are currently non-existent, for example, Norway. Finally, to increase its market share, Ryanair could seek to takeover a competitor. Having successfully taken over Buzz in 2003, Ryanair have mixed experiences with this strategy with two unsuccessful attempts to takeover Aer Lingus in 2006 and 2008.In the latter case, the approach was rejected due to valuation and competition grounds: â€Å"an aviation monopoly would not have been in the best interests of Irish consumers. † References Anon. (2004) Industrious times at British Airways and Ryanair: Winning the battle for the skies. Strategic Direction. 20 (4), 4-6. Anon. (2006) Easyjet and Ryanair flying high on the Southwest model. Strategic Direction. 22 (6), 18-21. BBC News. (2009a). Ryanair to abolish check-in desks. [Online]. Available at: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/7903656. tm [Accessed 15 April 2009] BBC News. (2009b). Ryanair mulls charge for toilets. [Online]. Available at: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/7914542. stm [Accessed 15 April 2009] BBC News. (2009c). Ryanair launches new Norway route. [Onli ne]. Available at: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/8024769. stm [Accessed 15 April 2009] Black, F. (2007) O'Leary plans new all-frills airline for flights to US. Independent. ie, [Online] Available at: http://www. independent. ie/national-news/oleary-plans-new-allfrills-airline-for-flights-to-us-43198. tml [Accessed 15 April 2009] Gillmor, D. (1985) Economic Activities in the Republic of Ireland: A Geographical Perspective. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan Ltd. IATA (2007) Scheduled Passengers Carried. [Online] Available at: http://www. iata. org/ps/publications/wats-passenger-carried. htm [Accessed 15 April 2009] Knight, B. (2006) EC1310 Topic 5. Pitfield, D. E. (2007) Ryanair’s Impact on Airline Market Share from the London Area Airports: A Time Series Analysis. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 41 (1) Jan 07, 75–92. Reuters UK. (2009).UPDATE 4-Ryanair concedes defeat in Aer Lingus bid. [Online]. Available at: http://uk. reuters. com/arti cle/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUKLM15889320090122? =undefined;sp=true [Accessed 15 April 2009] Ryanair. (2008) Annual Report 2008. [Online] Available at: http://www. ryanair. com/site/EN/about. php? page=Invest;sec=download;ref=2008 [Accessed 10 April 2009] ——————————————– [ 1 ]. BBC News. (2009a) [ 2 ]. BBC News. (2009b) [ 3 ]. Black, F. (2007) [ 4 ]. BBC News. (2009c) [ 5 ]. Reuters UK. (2009)

Jews The Forever Faithful - 1930 Words

Anthony Le Professor. DeMoran EUH2032 21 April 2016 Jews: The Forever Faithful Most people today immediately think about the holocaust when they put the words suffering and Jews together. However, there are layers of history buried beneath the holocaust that is unseen by the common eye. Jews have been persecuted for what seems like the beginning of time for their beliefs. It is ironic that today’s most popular religions were so hostile towards their own origins. The holocaust is an add-on to truly confirm people’s ignorance. The Jewish people are sturdy enough to withstand the test of time and sheer faith has driven them this far. Judaism is the first major monotheistic religion that set the stage for the growth of Christianity and Islam. Judaism is fairly simple when you look at it from the surface and only a few of its beliefs directly conflict with both other religions. To start off, the basic guidelines for any Jewish person would be Rambam’s 13 Principles of Faith. The 13 Principles of Faith is a list of Jewish beliefs and is widely accepted across all branches of Judaism. The principles confirm G-d’s existence and his godliness, state that devotion to only G-d is mandatory, says that G-d cares for the good and disciplines the bad, the Messiah will come, and that the dead will be resurrected. Adding onto the faiths, Jews are required to adhere to the Hebrew bible without question or personal interpretations. The Hebrew bible is composed of three sections and each hasShow MoreRelatedExile : A Common Theme Within The History1172 Words   |  5 PagesExile is a common theme within the history of Israel. This theme continues until the final days, when God will establish His kingdom forever. The Jewish people today are scattered over the whole earth, living among many nations and cultures. A primary condition of being the Messiah is to gather all Jews from exile back to the land of their ancestors. 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