Normative ethical subjectivism Essay

Normative ethical subjectivism is an ethical stance that attempts to specify circumstances under which an action is morally right or wrong using four distinct arguments that try to prove this claim. Normative ethical subjectivism claims that an act is morally right if, and only if, the person judging the action approves of it. Stemming form this view on ethics a normative ethical theory has been made. An ethical theory is a theory of what is right and wrong. This stance on ethics is the opposite of another ethical stance called methethical antirealism. Methethical antirealism is centered on the idea that because there is no right and wrong actions, just personal preferences there is no such thing as morality. It also states that morals are just a personal preference. Normative ethical subjectivism makes its claim in four different arguments witch are democracy, tolerance, disagreement and atheism. The democracy argument makes the premise that if everyone has an equal right to have and voice moral opinions then everyone’s moral opinions are equally plausible. The next premise states that everyone does have an equal right to have and voice moral opinions. These two premises lead to the conclusion that everyone’s moral opinions are equally plausible. The first premise of the argument creates a problem because not everyone’s moral opinions are equally valid and plausible. I have lots of opinions like the location of LSU, how far away the moon is and, the speed limit on College Drive. My opinion is LSU is located in Arizona, the moon is 100 miles away and the speed limit on College Drive is 75 miles per hour. My opinions are all incorrect showing that the plausibility of an opinion really has nothing to do with one’s right to hold it. Having a right to an opinion is one thing, the truth of that opinion quite another. This undermines the first premise of the argument causing me to reject a crucial part of the democracy argument. Consequently making the argument for democracy unstable and not a good foundation for supporting normative ethical subjectivism. The next argument for normative ethical subjectivism is the argument of disagreement. The first premise states that if there is a constant disagreement among educated, open-minded and, good-willed people about some subject matter, then that subject matter does not admit to an objective  truth. Followed by the premise there is persistent disagreement about ethical issues among educated, open-minded and, good-willed people. These two statements lead to the conclusion that there are no objective ethical truths. There is persistent disagreement among educated, open-minded and, good-willed physicists and mathematicians. We assume that their work is aimed at discovering objective facts. Physicists continue to disagree about that started the universe. But this is not evidence that their views are subjective, it is evidence that the facts they arrive at are merely expressions of personal opinion about some fact. This shows that a professions may deal in objective truths even if it’s open minded and educated deeply disagree with one another. In rebuttal to this, normative ethical subjectivist would state that objective truths don’t exist, but for a finding to be true someone has to believe in it. Thus proving that the first premise of the argument of disagreement if false giving no support for normative ethical subjectivism. The tolerance argument of normative ethical subjectivism has two premises. The first premise states if normative subjectivism is true, then no one’s deepest opinions are more plausible than anyone else’s. The next premise states if no one’s deepest opinions are more plausible than anyone else’s, then we have to respect and tolerate the opinions of all others. Generating the conclusion that if normative subjectivism is true, then we have to respect and tolerate the opinions of all others. Tolerance is defined as â€Å"the capacity for or the practice of recognizing and respecting the beliefs or practices of others (Webster’s Dictionary).† In the normative ethical subjectivism argument tolerance is good thus making it good for others to respect the actions and beliefs of that other people. The tolerance argument is still not a persuasive argument for normative ethical subjectivism. The problem with tolerance argument is that we all have to be tolerance of people’s opinions if they truly believe in them, making their opinion morally right. If a person truly believes in intolerance and that intolerant behavior is acceptable then according to normative ethical subjectivism it is morally right. According to the tolerance argument if a racist feels that be does not what to be tolerant of other races and goes around killing them off but truly feels that that he is doing is right then to a normative  ethical subjectivist we must be tolerant of opinion. The tolerance argument does not seem to be helping persuade a person towards normal ethical subjectivism view. The final argument for normative ethical subjectivism is the atheism argument. The atheism argument’s premise states if ethics are objective, then God must exist. Followed by the premise that God does not exist. Structuring the conclusion ethics is not objective. Since it cannot be proven through science and nature that God does exist, it validates the atheist argument. But lets suppose God does exist and he does issue commands on that is morally right and wrong. This brings up the euthyphro question, which asks are actions good because God commands them, or does God command them because they are good? The first part of the question, actions good because God commands them, makes God’s commands arbitrary and so if God commands us to throw our children into volcanoes, to rape, or to murder, then these actions would be good actions according to God. And for the next part of the question, God command them because they are good, seems to imply that there is a standard of goo dness over God. It also leaves open the question who is the commander behind moral commands? These arguments against the euthyphro question create doubt in the atheism argument. The arguments for normal ethical subjectivism are not very strong and could deter persons away form relativism. The above arguments against normal ethical subjectivism are few in numbers. For the majority of moral values and situations, actions are not complete but are relative to the persons or groups holding them. Lets say there is an objective moral fact that lying was wrong for all cases and should never be done. Avery close friend of yours is on the edge and suicidal. He asks you if he is an attractive person. You are this person’s only friend and every thing you tell him he takes very literally. He could be the most hideous person you have ever seen, but if you tell him he is ugly he will without doubt kill him self. According to the objective moral fact about lying that I have just made, you have to tell him the truth, that he is revolting. Or you could have a relativism stance and tell him he is an attractive person and stop him form killing him self. In this situation it would be ideal to save the persons  life and prevent the mental problems stemming for know you killed someone. Although normal ethical subjectivism and metaethical antirealism are different but there is a relationship between them. Both of these views on ethics are subjective and both have its problems convincing people to follow them. Facts are mentioned as not important in their arguments. In the atheist argument of normal ethical subjectivism, God’s commands are not to be taken as facts but as suggestions. A big part of metaethical antirealism is that moral facts don’t exist but facts are just part of the role in making decisions. Normative ethical subjectivism is an ethical stance that attempts to establish the situations under which an action is morally right or wrong. It states an act is morally right if the person judging the act approves of it. Normative ethical subjectivism uses the arguments of democracy, tolerance, disagreement and atheism to try proving this claim. Methethical antirealism is an ethical stance that claims there are no right or wrong views or stances on ethical options. Methethical antirealism goes on to state that morals do not exist at all. Even thought normative ethical subjectivism failed make its calm a person can still be a relativist, but I still feel that every moral case must be taken on a base to base cineraria. Works Cited â€Å"Tolerance.† The New American Webster Handy College Dictionary. Revised and Expanded edition 1981.

How do the poems reflect the experiences of going to War and at War? Essay

The experiences of World War One are reflected in a variety of different ways. Poems are a very good source of seeing how the different attitudes from the War, are expressed. In this essay I will analyse the mood and tone, mood, language and attitudes of the writers in â€Å"Dead Man’s Dump† and â€Å"Exposure†. The mood and tone in Dead Man’s Dump (DMD) is defined from the very first stanza. It is very descriptive and describes the actual movement of the horses that pull the gun carriages over a ruined and battle wounded road (â€Å"Plunging limbers over the shattered track†). This creates a very negative image in the readers mind and sets an attitude against the War. There is also a very strong, prominent religious tone in the poem which is also seen in the first stanza when the barbed wire is described as â€Å"Crowns of thorns† which links towards the death of Christ. This could imply that the soldiers, like Christ, are sacrificing their lives for God and their people. This could be seen as a Pro-War meaning. On the other hand it could mean that the Soldiers are also doomed to die like Christ was doomed to be crucified. The Language used in DMD is very archaic, such as â€Å"Man Born of Man, and born of woman†, which reflects more of the religious undertone in the whole of the poem and expresses that since the age of Christ, people have died for Christ and Kingdom. Moreover the language is very emotive and strong, like in stanza three â€Å"Now she has them at last†, where Earth is personified and is repossessing the men after she had made them, watched them live and now is waiting for the soldiers to die and return to her soil and be part of the earth again. The attitude of the writer, Isaac Rosenberg, is shown throughout the poem but is most prominent in the last stanza when he is describing one soldier dying. â€Å"So we crashed round the bend, / We heard his weak scream, / We heard his very last sound, / And our wheels grazed his dead face.† This is a very personal ending as Rosenberg uses collective viewpoint and therefore includes himself into the poem, and it shows it from his personal experience. The last four lines of this poem seem very sudden and it seems as if it is happening in the present with the reader. The impact of the experience of seeing the newly dead body not only affects the reader but also must have affected the writer, which he shows us through his writing. Exposure has lots of different meanings. Even though it is only one word it makes us wonder what he meant, who is exposed and to what? It could be the men are exposed to the elements, which could be what the whole poem is about. It could be the men being exposed to death, so, like a flower, in winter which slowly freezes, until, eventually it shrivels up and dies, or it could be the men being exposed to the enemy but which is very unlikely as the enemy is not directly mentioned in the poem at all. In Exposure the mood is dreary and cold and sad. Words that prove this are â€Å"Knive†, â€Å"Mad† and Shaking Grasp†. It shows that this poem was an anti war poem as it is graphic and truthful. Owen probably wanted to shock people because the description is very vivid. Also a lot about the elements is mentioned which shows that the real enemy was not the Germans (who are not mentioned at all in the poem) but the wind, snow, rain and hail, which could also be why he used this as one of his main themes. Also Misery was a theme which he showed by using â€Å"Wearied† and â€Å"Nervous† which shows just how scared these men in the trenches were of everything. Exposure does not really have a rhythm because it is very messy and the dactylic diameter is very weak. I think it is to show the confusion and tiredness on the soldiers in the trenches, but it could also represent their slurred speech and their sluggish thoughts. It could also represent the mess and destruction, so we can picture it clearly. A very long layout of the stanzas is used in Exposure. The sentences are long and slow, which starts to bear down on the reader – to create a sense of empathy with the soldiers’ situation. Each stanza is cut short through the use of caesuras, which makes you more aware of the poem, sharply drawing your focus; Owen could be trying to represent how the soldiers jolt in and out of consciousness when they are on guard or waiting to fight and how they then are alerted by something like a flurry of bullets. It is very vivid and unpleasant, which Owen does purposely to mimic the soldiers’ experience. The ellipsis help to show this too, â€Å"the poignant misery of dawn begins to grow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Exposure demands a less deep understanding of it because the meaning is less hidden. The misery is very direct and powerful. This shows that Owen wanted the reader to empathise with the soldiers. An example of this is shown in stanza two: Like twitching agonies of men among its brambles It is a use of imagery and personification. It also links the barbed wire to nature, which is used a lot in the poem to show the harshness and merciless wrath of it. It could also be from a religious point of view, as it could mean that god is shunning them for causing a war on earth. This could lead to the meaning that the men were on the verge of gaining or losing faith in god and that they are questioning his existence. Collective pronouns like â€Å"we† and â€Å"our† are used to show that the men are united and stand together against the enemy. But it could also mean that they are one writhing mass of pained soldiers that have changed so much that they are unidentifiable, that they have forgotten names and just use collective pronouns. Exposure is altogether a very serious and deep poem, as it encourages you to think about it a lot during the process of reading it. The reader empathises during it and also at the end gets to feel a fraction of what the soldiers did in the trenches, so they are left with a sense of misery and distraught. It helps to learn about the soldiers by reading this, as it is very vivid and uses imagery and personification. Both â€Å"Dead Man’s Dump† and â€Å"Exposure† reflect very negative aspects of the war, but from very different perspectives. Whereas â€Å"exposure concentrates on nature as an enemy, â€Å"DMD† concentrates on Death and Loss and is very personal, and they both help us to view the war in different more realistic ways.

Bikin for Bruises

â€Å"Oh man,† my friend moaned. â€Å"Look at her bike!† He motioned towards a girl in a bright yellow running shirt, obviously one of the more experienced bikers. She was walking a shiny, expensive blue bike through the parking lot. But the entire left pedal was shattered†¦completely gone, except for a stub of black metal. â€Å"Geez†¦are you sure we’re up for this?† I ask. It was our first time mountain biking. We had no idea what we were getting into. â€Å"I dunno, man,† he said. â€Å"Let’s try it out. How hard could it be?† I climbed into the back of his beat up, silver pickup to unload the bikes. â€Å"I think we might need these,† he said, emerging from the truck with our helmets. â€Å"Haha, I hope not.† After making sure the strap was tight enough, I climbed on my green Trek and set off down the beaten path. The forest rushed past as we bumped along the dirt trail. For a half-mile, my eyes were set on my friend’s back tire and the occasional rock. Then, the trail got narrower and the turns became sharper. The first hill rose ahead, its top barely visible through the foliage. But after sweaty palms and burning thighs, we finally clambered to the summit. â€Å"You ready for this?† I ask, observing the trail ahead. It was no more than two feet wide and followed a slight curve with rocks, roots, and squirrels all over. â€Å"No turning back now, bro. Ladies first.† â€Å"Ha, funny,† I said sarcastically, â€Å"See you at the bottom†¦if you’re lucky.† I pushed of the forest floor and started down the slope. The trees raced past as I picked up speed. I felt every rock and root through my bike, through the seat and through the handlebars. Suddenly, I was jamming the brakes the whole way, doing everything in my power to not wipe out. Standing o n the pedals moved my center of balance forward, so every bump threatened to buck me off. Finally, the end of the hill approached. The ground flattened and I stopped accelerating. I could hear shouts of adrenaline as my friend started the decent. In the middle of the path, about 20 feet ahead, there was a stone. Three inches in diameter, it was no different than all the others on the way. I ignored this particular rock, because I figured I could handle it. It was just another bump. But this was a BIG MISTAKE. I hit the rock, still crouching on the pedals, close to the end of the hill. And then I went right over the handle bars. The world spun as my bike vanished beneath me. Somehow I ended up clearing the bike and landing on my feet—perfectly fine, but shaken. My friend cheered. â€Å"Hey, you okay?† he asked. â€Å"That looked nasty from back here.† He sounded concerned, but I can tell he’s still laughing on the inside. â€Å"Yeah, I’m alrigh t. Let’s do it again.† Whether on the mountain bike course, in the classroom, or at work, I bring a strong work ethic, adventurousness, and, most importantly, the ability to get back on the bike and keep going.

Set up a limited firms about sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Set up a limited firms about sports - Essay Example However, some business manages to enter the market successfully because they conduct research before venturing into the market. Market research is imperative because it helps the business overcome some challenges towards a acquiring a competitive advantage. Market research is vital because it helps an entrepreneur to establish and identify new business opportunities such as areas where there are fewer ventures (Wilkie, Johnson & White 2015). The aim of business is to make a profit with minimum input, and new opportunities are critical to achieving the goal. Similarly, market research helps businesses to design a marketing campaign that meets the interest of the target consumers, and business needs to increase revenues from sales (Wilkie, Johnson & White 2015). It provides valuable information about the targeted market and its segment as well as real-time information regarding the intended market (Wilkie, Johnson & White 2015). For this reason, it is very crucial because it assists business in reaching the intended consumers through a marketing campaign. New and existing business use market research to know the performances of their organizations and that of the competitors (Outsource 2015). Similarly, it is vital in comparing the organization with others through tracking the progress made as well as the competitors. Through this, the business can devise a competitive strategy that makes it gain advantage over the rest. In many occasions, new business fails because they do not know and understand the operation of the market as well as the strategies employed by competitors in the market (Outsource 2015). This makes new business to use old methods, which are not working to expand their market share. For this reason, conducting market research is important because it helps in monitoring the progress made as well as strategies used by the competitors towards gaining market share. Market research is

Useing Pace University Strategic Plan (ON PACE WEB), Case Study

Useing Pace University Strategic Plan (ON PACE WEB), - Case Study Example The institution is divided into different colleges such as Dyson College of Arts and Sciences, College of Health Professions, Lubin School of Business, School of Law, School of Education and Seidenberg School of Computer Science and Information Systems (About Pace University, 2014). Currently Pace University has significant resources to help individuals in achieving their dreams. The University operates with an overall idea of creating opportunities for its students. After World War II the administration particularly focused on introducing modern arts and science while strengthening the leadership, management, facilities and resources of the organization. This subsequently helped Pace in acquiring the status of one of the Largest Universities in the New York City (About Pace University, 2014). In next five to ten years the university is expected to increase its services in the field of skills development because entrepreneurship is gaining recognition all over the world and students are investing their energies in establishing their businesses. This is further supported by the advent of modern technology. Moreover, skills development has also become necessary for contemporary students on the basis of increased competition. Other than this the university needs t o enhance its facilities for meeting the requirements of ever increasing number of students. This can be done through developing more colleges while strengthening the overall infrastructure of the university. Pace University was established with a profound vision of educating students and preparing them to excel in wide range of professions (Vision and Mission, 2014). This is actually the vision of best universities in USA which make them stand apart from rest of the world. In broader perspective the organization’s mission is to provide graduate and undergraduate education to a large number of students while also offering

Hate crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hate crime - Essay Example The militia movement and the white supremacy are greatly linked as both believe the federal government has alienated them. In Expanding the Influence of Organized Hate, Levin &Â  Nolan explain how hate spread despite the statuses of the perpetrators (37). The hate spread form the Church to schools. With the use of the internet, it was possible to spread hate and influence many people towards embracing racist and anti-Semitic feelings (Levin &Â  Nolan 37). The internet transformed hate crimes as even the children with access to computers were able to access hate websites, a good example that of Matthew Hale’s organization (Levin &Â  Nolan 37). Upon logging to the internet lots of lonely racists in small and remote towns create a chain of friends with similar opinions (Levin &Â  Nolan 37). This explains why the hate websites have a strong influence on the youth of America. The same sentiments are shared by Citron and Altschiller who focus on the increase of the crimes thanks to the internet (37, 148). Cultural standards are not always the source of hate since hate can also emanate from within a person. This can be evidenced by the White Supremacists, the bigotry sympathizers and the spectators who also help perpetuate hate and violence through other means such as psychological support, that do not touch on culture (Levin &Â  Nolan

International human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International human resource management - Essay Example Internal factors revolve around the workers, management and the control of the organisation. When workers have their grievances which are not solved, it is likely to affect the performance of the organisation. On the other hand, external factors include union intervention. In this case, the union is involved in the negotiation of worker’s grievances which directly affect the organisation. For example, the involvement of unions in the organisation affected its operations in the United Kingdom. The availability of numerous unions adversely affects the performance of the organisation as each of the union’s presentation demands critical changes in operations. Working with a single union was an option, but it was highly disputed. Apparently, working with a single union would be a lot easier as the demands or issues raised would be from a single body. However, many unions have diverse modes of presenting their issues which make it hard to consolidate solutions. Initially, the organisation was performing well with the absence of unions. The workers were contented with what the organisation offered making it run smoothly. However, with the induction of other subsidiaries, the organisation has encountered a number of problems. These problems should be solved amicably to ensure achievement of set goals. This is a situation that the HRM should tackle in the meantime to ensure it does not affect the organisation in the near future. Finding a lasting solution would be most welcome as the organisation could record increased growth and better concentration of core issues. Therefore, it is in the best interest of the HRM to garner options in solving the situation (Beardwell and Claydon, 2007:683). There are various options that could be used in containing this situation without disregarding the views of the workers. For example, a research in the affected subsidiaries would expose the situation and how it arises. After

Principles of Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Marketing - Term Paper Example Products that are marketed under private brands such as Wall-Mart and Carrefour Group are sold at a lower cost compared to other products of similar value. Low price without compromising quality is the main factor that motivates con summers of goods under private label. Customers who seek the classification of products in one family brand are motivated to buy such products are motivated by availability of quality products under the brand. Customers who buy Del Monte fruit juice are likely to buy fruit products under the same brand. 2) According to Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, take products from the industries mentioned below and identify a minimum of two products for each level of the hierarchy. Then answer the follow-up questions. A product would be categorized in the esteem category rather than the social-belonging category due to its role in determining people’s attitude. In addition, the degree or quality of products in this class depends on social values. It is difficult to identify actual brand for the class of self-actualization products. This is because the value of products in this class depends on personal effort and abilities. For instance studying in the best college does not make a person to be excellent in problem solving. I would stand in a shopping mall and observe the visual reaction of customers concerning the new brand. I will also observe people’s behavior when consuming the product for example do they like to consume the Snapple drink while they are traveling or when seated down in a restraint with friends. I will introduce the drink to a selected population such as a school and analyze the students purchasing behavior for a period of one month. The introduction will involve giving free sample to the students and requesting them to be buying the product. In the survey, I will observe people purchasing behavior such

Interview - A Day in the Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview - A Day in the Life - Essay Example Thus, I have two main stages of work that clients who need my services hire me for: design and erection of support services. If the projects I am contracted for entails working in an existing facility, I make field assessments to annotate the prevailing conditions and how they will influence my design or take care of any constraints that may hinder my work during the design (Wright, 25). I was usually good at science and math, and I loved the two subjects all through my education. My father worked as a civil engineer who did designs for water treatment plans and my mother worked in the same company as my father as a drafter of the electrical group. I knew that majoring in engineering was what I wanted ever since I was in ninth grade. At school, my math and science teachers were great. Fast forward: after my college education with a degree in electrical engineering, the first job that I landed was in an environmental engineering organization. In that job, I designed control systems for water and wastewater treatment facilities. Eventually, I left the company and made a decision to start my engineering consulting business. I mostly employ a computer. My electronic drafting tasks are best done with Microstation or AutoCAD. I also make use of Microsoft Office such as Word and Excel applications for putting down specifications and making estimations, as well as calculations (Joshi, 441). I also depend heavily on the internet and devices that assist me in accessing my email, word documents, photographs, essential websites, or to contract other professionals in my line of specification. Technology comes in handy in my line of work. One must be willing to learning. This career needs a lot more knowledge that can be acquired in the five years of engineering at college. Technology changes every other day. One must also be ready to learn from mistakes. I also consider hard work essential for one to succeed in this career. I love interacting with people as I am a